At least in the EU web browsers don’t allow for authenticating transactions (beyond a limit of e.g. 30€). Either an additional authenticator app or a standalone card reader is mandatory.
Luckily my banking apps work flawlessly on GrapheneOS and even microG, likely because of they care about the bootloader being locked again.
Online transactions require a second factor which displays the actual amount to be transferred. This works by either an app which receives the transaction data (recipient, how much) over the network, or a device which takes the bank card and is used to scan something similar to a qr code. The device then displays the transaction data.
This makes sure a fraudulent site can’t easily change the amount or the recipient of a transaction, even if they somehow made an identical website (or close enough).
For remote transactions (e.g. online payments), the security requirements go even further, requiring a dynamic link to the amount of the transaction and the account of the payee, to further protect the user by minimising the risks in case of mistakes or fraudulent attacks.
At least in the EU web browsers don’t allow for authenticating transactions (beyond a limit of e.g. 30€). Either an additional authenticator app or a standalone card reader is mandatory.
Luckily my banking apps work flawlessly on GrapheneOS and even microG, likely because of they care about the bootloader being locked again.
I guess I don’t know what you mean by “authenticating transactions”.
Online transactions require a second factor which displays the actual amount to be transferred. This works by either an app which receives the transaction data (recipient, how much) over the network, or a device which takes the bank card and is used to scan something similar to a qr code. The device then displays the transaction data.
This makes sure a fraudulent site can’t easily change the amount or the recipient of a transaction, even if they somehow made an identical website (or close enough).
https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/intro/mip-online/2018/html/1803_revisedpsd.en.html
It’s not perfect, especially with people using a banking app and the second factor app on the same device for convenience sake.